Absorption of anesthetic into systemic circulation by injection into extremely vascular area. Clinical course tends to be a dose-dependant progression from cns symptoms to cvs symptoms and death รขโ‚ฌยฆ Adding vasoconstrictor to local anesthetics can result in reduced systemic toxicity and increased duration of anesthetic because the vasoconstrictor reduces the rate of absorption.

Any and every injection into a presumed epidural catheter may unexpectedly be administered intravascularly or intrathecally. Local anesthetic should always be administered incrementally with รขโ‚ฌยฆ Simultaneous administration of different local anesthetic formulations further reduces the minimum toxic dose of each formulation of local anesthetic. Utilize clinically appropriate agents, not exceeding รขโ‚ฌยฆ